Since humans have begun to fly and construct various aircraft, the occurred accidents and incidents ‎have always resulted in irreparable injuries and damages. Therefore, today, aviators especially airlines ‎continuously trying to maintain the maximum level of safety and reduce the rate of accidents by ‎spending resources. In this research, by analyzing the available reports and information for 46 accidents ‎and serious incidents in Iran's civil aviation between 1979 and 2021, first, a statistical-analytical ‎evaluation is performed, then influential factors like failures and errors in these occurrences are analyzed ‎by using failure mode and effects analysis and multi-attribute decision making. The statistical population of this research includes a panel of experts and experts in the field of aviation and air accidents, and a questionnaire was used to collect the required information. According to findings, ‎human is the most important factor, Fokker100 is the most engaged aircraft and pilots with low ages and ‎experiences are the most vulnerable factors in mentioned occurrences, in addition, failures in landing ‎system and engines and also the pilot error in not following the structures were the most important ‎factors. ‎

Orthodox microeconomics decision-making models are based on optimization but in the real world, most of decisions are institutionally and based on habits, rules and predetermined solutions. In this paper we have combined some concepts from cognitive-behavioral economics and new institutional economics to characterize institutional decision-making. Evidences from cognitive and behavioral economics show that the mental costs of direct optimization, even in simplest forms, are high and agents tend to make decisions institutionally to reduce this mental costs. Coase and Williamson argue that "non-zero transaction costs" can result “ hierarchy” replaced instead of “ market” and similarly we argue that "non-zero decision making costs" can result “ institutional decision making” replaced instead of “ direct optimization” . Religious behavior is a kind of institutional behavior (following religious rules and habits) and considering this view that institutional decision making and direct optimization both are important and both have distinctive roles in decision making process can influence microfoundations of Islamic economics.

The purpose of this research is to identify effective criteria for measuring competitive position of certain products of Shahdiran company, a regional major food and juice producer in Iran. To determine the criteria and their relative importance, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used by organizing a decision team consisting of 6 top managers of the company. Four major competitors (based on market share) were selected for comparison purposes. Cook and Seiford’s developed model which consists of 19 successive steps was used to determine the company’s competitive position. For that, questionnaires based on Saaty scale, were designed to determine; effective criteria, relative importance of each criterion, and company’s rank from retailer’s point of view.A survey research was also conducted to identify the position of other food product retailers in Mashhad as competitors. As a result, company's position in comparison with its four major competitors was determined through using 20 known criteria and market mix. The research further revealed that Alpha totally holds the first rank among its nearest competitors in the regional market while it holds rank 1 for product, 3 for price, 1 for place and finally the second rank for promotion.

Theoretically, the method and the extent of people's accessibility to the necessary information for decision making have a direct effect on what is going on in the market. Given the fact that the investors financial behavior and the decision making process in stock exchange originates from different factors, the present study sought to identify the influential factors. First the data was gathered through a questionnaire, then factor analysis was performed and finally, the political, economic and psychological factors along with the financial variables in the corporation were deeply investigated through course analysis and using Lisrel software. Findings indicated that the political, psychological, economic and financial factors respectively influenced the stock holders' decision making at Tehran stock exchange.

Decision making on making/buying problem has always been a challenge to decision makers. In this paper a methodology has been proposed to resolve this challenge. This methodology is capable of evaluating making/buying decision making under uncertainty. For uncertainty, the fuzzy logic and simulation approaches have been used. The proposed methodology can be applied to parts with multi stage manufacturing processes and different suppliers. Therefore this methodology provides a scale for decision making from full outsourcing to full manufacturing and with selecting appropriate supplier.